| Boundaries And Topography |
The district was situated between 77.46' and 80.01' ,of the eastern longitudes and 18.40' and 19.56', of northern latitudes.The district is bounded on north by Yeotmal and Chanda district of Maharastra, on the east by Chanda district, on the south by Karimnagar and Nizamabad districts and on the west by Nanded district of Maharastra State.
The district has population of 2079098 which accounts for 3.13% of the total population of the State. It is however takes the fifth rank in area with an extent of 16128 SU kms.Which account for 5.90% of the total area of the State. It is however,the second largest district in the Telangana of the inhabited and 167 unihabited village and 11 Towns.
The District Comprises of 52 Mandals and 1743 villages of which 1557 villages are inhabited and 186 villages are un-inhabitated. There are 7 Muncipalities in the District. The District is conveniently formed into 5 divisions 1)Adilabad , 2) Nirmal ,3)Utnoor, 4)Asifabad,5)Mancherial.
| Historical Background |
The district derives its name from Adilabad,its headquarters town which was named after the ruler of Bijapur, Ali Adil Shah. The district was for long not a homogenius unit and its component parts were ruled at different periods by nasties namely, the Mauryas,Staavahanas, Vakatakas,Chaludyasof Badami, Rashtrakututs, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Mughals,Bhosle Rajes of Nagpur and Asaf Jahis, besides the Gond Rajas of Sirpur and Chanda.Originally this was not full fledged district but a sub-district named Sirpur-Tandur which was created in A.D. 1872 with Edlabad(Adilabad), Rajura and Sirpur as its consistuents talukas.In 1905 the status of this sub-district was raised to that of an independent district with head quarters at Adilabad.
The climate of the district is characterized by hot summer and in generally dry except during the south-west monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to May. The period from june to september constitute the south west monsoon season, while October and November from the postmonsoon season.
The rainfall in the district, in general increases from the south-west towards the north east. About 85% of annual rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon season. July being the peak rainy month. The variation in the Annual rainfall from year is not large.The normal Annual rainfall of the district is 1044.5m.m.
There is a meterological obervatory, station at headquarters Adilabad. The cold weather commences towards the end of November when the temperature begins to fall rapidly. December is generally the coldest month, with the mean daily maximum temprature at about 29 C and the mininum daily is 15 C.
The relative humidities are high generally during the south-west monsoon season. The air is generally dry during the rest of the year, the district part of the year being the summer season when the humidity in the afternoon is 25%.
During the south-west monsoon season the sky is heavily clouded.There is rapid decrease of cloudings the post-monsoon season. In the rest year the sky is mostly clear of light clouded.
Winds are light to moderate with some strengthening in the period from May to August. During the post-monsoon and cold season, winds blow mostly from the east or north-east. By March, south westerlies and westerlies start blowing and continue during the rest of summer. The sought west monsoon season winds are mostly from directions between south-west and north west.
The rainfall in the district, in general increases from the south-west towards the north east. About 85% of annual rainfall is received during the south-west monsoon season. July being the peak rainy month. The variation in the Annual rainfall from year is not large.The normal Annual rainfall of the district is 1044.5m.m.
There is a meterological obervatory, station at headquarters Adilabad. The cold weather commences towards the end of November when the temperature begins to fall rapidly. December is generally the coldest month, with the mean daily maximum temprature at about 29 C and the mininum daily is 15 C.
The relative humidities are high generally during the south-west monsoon season. The air is generally dry during the rest of the year, the district part of the year being the summer season when the humidity in the afternoon is 25%.
During the south-west monsoon season the sky is heavily clouded.There is rapid decrease of cloudings the post-monsoon season. In the rest year the sky is mostly clear of light clouded.
Winds are light to moderate with some strengthening in the period from May to August. During the post-monsoon and cold season, winds blow mostly from the east or north-east. By March, south westerlies and westerlies start blowing and continue during the rest of summer. The sought west monsoon season winds are mostly from directions between south-west and north west.
The Sahyadriparvat or Satnala range traverses the district from the north-west to the south-east for about 281.5 Kms. In this range the Mahbubghat is the hightest peak. In the eastern portion of the district some hills and hillocks are of minor importance.
The most important river that drains the district is the river Godavari. The Pengange, the Wardha, and the Pranahita com next importance. The Kadam and the Peddavagu are tributeries of the Godavari. Besides these, there are also rivults like the Satnala, the Swarna vagu, and the Suddavagu which drain the district. The Godavari which is the largest river inpeninsular India raises in the western Ghats at Trambakeshwar near Nasik in Maharastra state and enters this district near Basara in Mudhole Taluk. This mighty river forms the boundary of the district separating the district from Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts and skirts the southern borders of Chennur, Luxettipet, Khanaapur, Nirmal and Mudhole east - while taluks. The penganga forms part of the northern boundary of the district in Adilabad , while the wardha and the Pranahita from the northern and eastern boundaries of the district , skirting earst - while Sirpur and chennur taluks respectively. The Kaddam river takes its origin at Bothai village in east- while Sirpur and Chennur taluks respectively. The Kaddam river takes its origin at Bothai village in east - while Boath taluk and flowing across this taluk and enters Khanapur at Paspula and finally falls into Godawari. The Peddawagu flows across the east - while taluks of Asifabad and Sirpur. the Satnala, Swarnavagu and Suddha vagu rivers flow across the east while taluks of geology and mineral resources.
The most important river that drains the district is the river Godavari. The Pengange, the Wardha, and the Pranahita com next importance. The Kadam and the Peddavagu are tributeries of the Godavari. Besides these, there are also rivults like the Satnala, the Swarna vagu, and the Suddavagu which drain the district. The Godavari which is the largest river inpeninsular India raises in the western Ghats at Trambakeshwar near Nasik in Maharastra state and enters this district near Basara in Mudhole Taluk. This mighty river forms the boundary of the district separating the district from Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts and skirts the southern borders of Chennur, Luxettipet, Khanaapur, Nirmal and Mudhole east - while taluks. The penganga forms part of the northern boundary of the district in Adilabad , while the wardha and the Pranahita from the northern and eastern boundaries of the district , skirting earst - while Sirpur and chennur taluks respectively. The Kaddam river takes its origin at Bothai village in east- while Sirpur and Chennur taluks respectively. The Kaddam river takes its origin at Bothai village in east - while Boath taluk and flowing across this taluk and enters Khanapur at Paspula and finally falls into Godawari. The Peddawagu flows across the east - while taluks of Asifabad and Sirpur. the Satnala, Swarnavagu and Suddha vagu rivers flow across the east while taluks of geology and mineral resources.
The Population of the district according to 2001 census is 24,79,347 of which the rural population accounts for 18,23,004 or 73.52% of the total, while the urban population accoutns for 6,56,343 forming 26.48% of the total population. The increase in population during decennial ending 1991 over 1981 is 26.85% , which is higher that that of the state. The female population is less namely , 980 females for every 1000 males.
The density of population of the district is 129 persons per sq.km. as against the State average of 241 persons per sq.km. out of the total population of the district, 3.86 Lakhs persons are scheduled castes and 3.55 Lakhs persons are scheduled Tribes forming 18.57% and 17.08% of the total population respectively.
The total No. Of workers is 9,34,3365 constituting 44.93% of the total population as against the state average of 45.27% out of the total main workers, cultivators from 34.09% Agricultural laboureres from 34.88%.
The literate persons in Adilabad district are 5,78,226 forming 27.80% of the total population as against the state average if 37.8. The percentage of literacy in the district increased from 18.79% in 1981 to 27.80 in 1991. It is lower that the state average which increased from 30% in 1981 to 37.58% in 1991.
The density of population of the district is 129 persons per sq.km. as against the State average of 241 persons per sq.km. out of the total population of the district, 3.86 Lakhs persons are scheduled castes and 3.55 Lakhs persons are scheduled Tribes forming 18.57% and 17.08% of the total population respectively.
The total No. Of workers is 9,34,3365 constituting 44.93% of the total population as against the state average of 45.27% out of the total main workers, cultivators from 34.09% Agricultural laboureres from 34.88%.
The literate persons in Adilabad district are 5,78,226 forming 27.80% of the total population as against the state average if 37.8. The percentage of literacy in the district increased from 18.79% in 1981 to 27.80 in 1991. It is lower that the state average which increased from 30% in 1981 to 37.58% in 1991.
Other districts of the state, agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the district. The geographical area of the district is 4004035 Acres. And the land use under different types is : forest (42.8%)
Land put to non-Agri uses (3.7%) and Net area sown 35.4%.
The Net area sown in the district is 35.4% of the total geographical area while for the state the relative percentage is 40.2. The percentage of the area sown more than once to the net area sown in the district is 23% and it is far below the relative percentage of state viz. 15.7% which speaks of Lack of cropping pattern existing in the district. The predominent Crop grown in the district is Jowar which accounts for 31.8% of the total cropped area. Paddy account for 10.8% pulses and each crops, and non food crops for 34.7% of the total croped area.
Land put to non-Agri uses (3.7%) and Net area sown 35.4%.
The Net area sown in the district is 35.4% of the total geographical area while for the state the relative percentage is 40.2. The percentage of the area sown more than once to the net area sown in the district is 23% and it is far below the relative percentage of state viz. 15.7% which speaks of Lack of cropping pattern existing in the district. The predominent Crop grown in the district is Jowar which accounts for 31.8% of the total cropped area. Paddy account for 10.8% pulses and each crops, and non food crops for 34.7% of the total croped area.
CROPS YIELDING |
| AREAS AND ESTIMATED YIELDING OF AGRICULTURE CROPS FOR 2002. | |||
| Sl.No. | Crop | Areas sown in (Hq) | Estimated Yields Kgs/Ha) |
| 1 | Paddy | 58641 | 3852 |
| 2 | Jawar | 39364 | 1453 |
| 3 | Maize | 23433 | 2545 |
| 4 | Redgram | 40954 | 330 |
| 5 | Greengram | 15632 | 210 |
| 6 | Blackgram | 19955 | 548 |
| 7 | Other Pulses | 1265 | 250 |
| 8 | Soyabean | 30612 | 900 |
| 9 | Cotton | 168530 | 650 |
| 10 | Turmeric | 4555 | 3000 |
| 11 | Chillies | 3869 | 2552 |
The southern part of the district consisting of Nirmal, Luxettipet, Khanapur and surrounding mandals is fairly developed agriculturally, owing to the availability of irrigation facilities there. The total cropped area of the district is 5.93 lakh hectares which constitute 37% of the total geographical area. The principal crops of the district are Jowar, paddy, Cotton, Wheat, Maize, Chillies, Sugarcane and Soya.
CROPPING PATTERN |
Cotton occupies an important place in the agriculture sector of this district. Adilabad has got 27% area under cotton in all the Telengana districts put together and 16% of the area under cotton in the entire state. However the yields are not in accordance with the above ratios, which accounts to only 11.76% cotton production of Telengana districts and only about 5% of the states' total cotton production. The Regional Agricultural Research Station situated at Adilabad is conducting research on cotton in modern cultivation and pest management techniques to advise the farmers for better yields achievement.
The area at present under the plantations and horticulture crops is only about 3.5% of the net area cultivated in the district. Horticulture produce assumes importance for it provides, supplementary income including foreign exchange and employment. The cultivable wastes and fallow lands can be put to use by plantation on the contours and bunds of the farmlands. With the above average rainfall, the district and minor irrigation facilities in general is suitable for horticulture comprising of fruits, vegetables and flowers. The medical and aromatic plant cultivation is another untapped area in the district, which has good potential.
Sl. No. | Name of the Crop | Unit | Existing Productivity level | Productivity level to be achieved by 2001-2005 |
| 1 | Mango | Tons/Ha | 8.00 | 12 |
| 2 | Citrus | Tons/Ha | 15.00 | 20 |
| 3 | Banana | Tons/Ha | 25.00 | 28 |
| 4 | Papaya | Tons/Ha | 75.00 | 88 |
| 5 | Cashew | Tons/Ha | 0.60 | 0.9 |
| 6 | Onion | Tons/Ha | 15.00 | 17 |
| 7 | Bhendi | Tons/Ha | 8.00 | 9 |
| 8 | Brinjal | Tons/Ha | 20.00 | 22 |
| 9 | Tomato | Tons/Ha | 10.00 | 15 |
| 10 | Chillies | Tons/Ha | 2.00 | 2.2 |
| 11 | Turmeric | Tons/Ha | 6.00 | 6.5 |
| 12 | Coriander | Tons/Ha | 0.30 | 0.35 |
| 13 | Tamarind | Tons/Ha | 10.00 | 12 |
| 14 | Flower | Tons/Ha | 7.00 | 8 |
SERICULTURE |
Sericulture is an activity making roads into this non-traditional area, with the implementation of National Sericulture project from 1989-90. The major constraint hampering the progress of sericulture activity has been the marketing of cocoons. The absence of an established market is a major bottleneck in this activity, as the growers are forced to go to the neighboring state like Karnataka, spending a lot on transportation.
There are no forward linkages either, like silk reeling and twisting units around. The lower activity in this sector, which is less than 1000 acres under mulberry cultivation can be attributed to the above factors. ITDA Utnoor is, instrumental in taking initiative in the implementation of National Sericulture Project.
Sericulture is expected to develop rapidly in the district with the different schemes being operated and the suitability soil and climatic conditions prevalent in the district. In addition to the traditional mulberry, cocoons, tusser is another important area suitable in this forest area. Utnoor has got both reeling and twisting units and also a Tusser weaving unit which are used both as training cum production centers.
LIVESTOCK |
Animal Husbandry is only second to agriculture in terms of contributing to the gross income and employment in the district.
The live stock population of the district is given in the table below.
| 1 | Cattle (White) | 9,52,738 |
| 2 | Buffaloes | 3,52,240 |
| 3 | Sheep | 5,57,734 |
| 4 | Goats | 2,31,915 |
| 5 | Poultry | 12,19,903 |
| 6 | Others | 11,122 |
| Total | 33,25,652 |
Keeping in mind the suitability of agro-climatic conditions for rearing of livestock and poultry, the Government by various schemes through several developmental agencies, like ITDA and DRDA etc., identified the activities like dairy, poultry, sheep and goat rearing to be promoted to give a thrust to this sector, all over the district. The National Commission on agriculture recommended a veterinary centre with a veterinary graduate for every 5000 units by 2000 AD.
Based on the standards recommended by the NCA a gap of 79 veterinary centres is identified in addition to the existing 87 hospitals and dispensaries functioning in the district. Based on the population of 3,63,737 breedable cows and buffaloes an estimated Number of 145 artificial insemination center are required assuming coverage of 2500 breedable animals per center in a year. It is also mentioned that there is wide gap of forage demand and supply put at 17.8 Lakh MTs deficit as against a demand of 23.38 lakh MTs. In addition to bringing more fallow lands for forage production, the supply of concentrate feed should be taken up to augment this deficit.
SHEEP AND GOAT REARING |
Adilabad district is mostly covered with hills and the availability of non-arable land is sizeable which is covered with field grasses. Sheep and goat rearing can be an important activity with existence of large tracts of forest, cultivable falloffs and uncultivable barren areas and other wastelands, congenial for development of this income generating activity.
The quinquential census figures show that there is a population of 5,57,734 sheep and 2,31,915 goat is existing in the district as on 2001. The profitable breeds like Nellore, Deccan breeds of sheep and Osmanbadi breed of goats shall be reared.
The per capital availability of meat is negligible compared to the standard per capita requirement of 30 grams/day including chicken broiler and port. The establishment of slaughter houses, clinical infrastructural facilities, farms to properly link up the DRDA schemes of IRDP to develop this activity into a substantial employment and income generating activity of the district.
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